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The 12 Months of the French Republican Calendar. French revolutionaries believed they did not simply topple a government, but established a new social order founded on freedom and equality. Far from limiting reforms to the state, revolutionaries sought to align French institutions and mores on the basis of the new republican ideals through a. Wiley is a global provider of content and content-enabled workflow solutions in areas of scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly research professional development and education.
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For other uses, see Dechristianization (disambiguation).The dechristianization of France during the French Revolution is a conventional description of the results of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France between the start of the French Revolution in 1789 and the Concordat of 1801, forming the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies. "Dechristianization" redirects here. Monthly Calendar Shows only 1 month at a time Custom Calendar Make advanced customized calendars Printable Calendar (PDF) Calendars especially made for printing Date Calculators.
New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being and the atheistic Cult of Reason, with the revolutionary government briefly mandating observance of the former in April 1794. In October 1793, the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoned from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason, and the Supreme Being were scheduled. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the Church, abolished the Catholic monarchy, nationalized Church property, exiled 30,000 priests, and killed hundreds more. During a two-year period known as the Reign of Terror, the episodes of anti-clericalism grew more violent than any in modern European history. The French Revolution initially began with attacks on Church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many Christians could identify, since the Gallican Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated.
Since the Church kept the registry of births, deaths, and marriages and was the only institution that provided hospitals and education in some parts of the country, it influenced all citizens. As the largest landowner in the country, the Catholic Church controlled properties which provided massive revenues from its tenants the Church also had an enormous income from the collection of tithes. At the same time, libertine thinkers popularized atheism and anti-clericalism.The Ancien Régime institutionalised the authority of the clergy in its status as the First Estate of the realm. The Edict of Versailles, commonly known as the Edict of Tolerance, had been signed by Louis XVI on 7 November 1787 did not give non-Catholics in France the right to openly practice their religions but only the rights to legal and civil status, which included the right to contract marriages without having to convert to the Catholic faith. Nonetheless, minorities of French Protestants (mostly Huguenots & German Lutherans in Alsace) and Jews still lived in France at the beginning of the Revolution.
These borders can be determined only by the law.Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.On October 10, 1789, the National Constituent Assembly seized the properties and land held by the Catholic Church and decided to sell them as assignats.On July 12, 1790, the assembly passed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 proclaimed freedom of religion across France in these terms:Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights. In particular, it abolished the tithes gathered by the Catholic clergy.
In July 1790, the National Constituent Assembly published the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that stripped clerics of their special rights — the clergy were to be made employees of the state, elected by their parish or bishopric, and the number of bishoprics was to be reduced — and required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal, deportation or death.French priests had to receive Papal approval to sign such an oath, and Pius VI spent almost eight months deliberating on the issue. Declaring that all Church property in France belonged to the nation, confiscations were ordered and Church properties were sold at public auction. The issue of Church property became central to the policies of the new revolutionary government. The Revolution and the ChurchIn August 1789, the State cancelled the taxing power of the Church. Fall of the monarchy in 1792Fête de la Raison ("Festival of Reason"), Notre Dame, Paris, 10 November 1793An especially notable event that took place in the course of France’s dechristianization was the Festival of Reason, which was held in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November 1793.The dechristianization campaign can be seen as the logical extension of the materialist philosophies of some leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire, while for others with more prosaic concerns it provided an opportunity to unleash resentments against the Catholic Church (in the spirit of conventional anti-clericalism) and its clergy.
Priests were among those drowned in mass executions ( noyades) for treason under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Carrier priests and nuns were among the mass executions at Lyons, for separatism, on the orders of Joseph Fouché and Collot d'Herbois. An ever-increasing view that the Church was a counter-revolutionary force exacerbated the social and economic grievances and violence erupted in towns and cities across France.In Paris, over a forty-eight-hour period beginning on 2 September 1792, as the Legislative Assembly (successor to the National Constituent Assembly) dissolved into chaos, three Church bishops and more than two hundred priests were massacred by angry mobs this constituted part of what would become known as the September Massacres. At the same time, the State took control of the birth, death, and marriage registers away from the Church. The borders of the map are those of 2007, because the data come from archives of the modern departments.In September 1792, the Legislative Assembly legalized divorce, contrary to Catholic doctrine. Over fifty percent became abjuring priests ("jurors"), also known as "constitutional clergy", and nonjuring priests as "refractory clergy".Map of France showing the percentage of juring priests in 1791.
It soon became clear, however, that nine consecutive days of work were too much, and that international relations could not be carried out without reverting to the Gregorian system, which was still in use everywhere outside of France. The seven-day week became ten days instead. The Gregorian calendar, an instrument decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582, was replaced by the French Republican Calendar which abolished the sabbath, saints' days and any references to the Church. In November 1793, the département council of Indre-et-Loire abolished the word dimanche (English: Sunday). Many of the acts of dechristianization in 1793 were motivated by the seizure of Church gold and silver to finance the war effort.
Many churches were converted into "temples of reason," in which Deistic services were held. Religious holidays were banned and replaced with holidays to celebrate the harvest and other non-religious symbols. Tropez, which became Héraclée. Anti-clerical parades were held, and the Archbishop of Paris, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel, was forced to resign his duties and made to replace his mitre with the red " Cap of Liberty." Street and place names with any sort of religious connotation were changed, such as the town of St.
Both new religions were short-lived. This Cult of the Supreme Being, without the alleged "superstitions" of Catholicism, supplanted both Catholicism and the rival Cult of Reason. Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety denounced the dechristianizers as foreign enemies of the Revolution, and established their own new religion.
By early 1795 a return to some form of religion-based faith was beginning to take shape and a law passed on 21 February 1795 legalized public worship, albeit with strict limitations. His execution occurred shortly afterward, on 28 July 1794.
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